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HL-1M Tokamak(1994-2001) |
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HL-1M tokamak
(R=1.02m,a=0.26m) is a circular cross-section tokamak modified from HL-1
by removing the conductive shell and replacing the vacuum chamber
to increase the plasma minor radius and improve the accessibility. Four
different systems of auxiliary heating and current drive including an
electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) of 0.5 MW, a lower hybrid
current drive (LHCD) of 1MW, a neutral beam injection (NBI) of 1MW, and |
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an ion
cyclotron resonance heating (ICRH) of 0.8 MW were used
to heat HL-1M plasma. In 1994, the engineering test was
finished and experiments had been conducted till 2001. |
The goal of the HL-1M
program was to carry the high power auxiliary heating and
current drive experiments and also to explore new fuelling
techniques. The HL-1M plasma performance had been improved
significantly with wall conditioning, auxiliary heating and
current drive. Real-time feedback control, data acquisition,
power supply, and various diagnostic techniques were developed
to improve the plasma control and to obtain better physical
understanding. The maximum plasma current and electron density
were 320kA and 8.01019m-3 at toroidal field of 3 Tesla, with
the longest discharge duration of 4 seconds. Total input power,
including ohmic, NBI, LHW, ECRH and ICRH, exceeded 2 MW.
In HL-1M, great progress had
been made in many aspects including confinement improvement,
plasma auxiliary heating and fuelling, and wall conditioning.
The H-mode triggered by a biased electrode with wall
boronization was obtained. Strong fishbone instability was
observed during off-axis electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH).
This was the first observation of fishbone instability purely
driven by energetic electron produced by ECRH. A new fuelling
technique, the molecular beam injection (MBI), was first
proposed and demonstrated in HL-1M. The effectiveness of MBI
proves it as a promising fuelling tool for steady-state plasma,
and allows it to be applied on many other magnetic devices
worldwide. |
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